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Thin a myxoid background. The cells are vaculoated showing nuclear atypia ?00.Zhou et al. Diagnostic Pathology 2012, 7:112 http://www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/7/1/Page 3 ofFigure 4 Medium power image illustrates the plasma cells and lymphocytes surrounding the tumor.Figure 6 The tumors are strongly immunopositve to neuronspecific enolase.anastomosing strands embedded in abundant myxoid matrix and typical histochemical findings favored the diagnosis of EMC [2]. Since the lesion located at the periphery of the lung, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) should be initially done to help diagnosis. Although cytologic characteristics are not decisive for diagnosis, the presence of intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, grooves and cytoplasmic vacuolization could be suggestive to EMC diagnosis [3]. S-100 protein was initially found in most EMC, but recent studies proved that less than 20 of EMC are S-100 positive [4]. In some cases of EMC, there is neuroendocrine differentiation [5]. A specific chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q22;q12) leading to a fusion gene, EWS-CHN has been found in 75 EMC cases [6], and another fusion gene TAF2NCHN caused by t(9;17)(q22;q11.2) translocation hasrecently been identified [5]. Although primaries should not have difficulty in diagnosis for experienced pathologists, the morphologic differential diagnosis in our case are parachordoma, chordoma, soft tissue chondroma, extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma,as well as pulmonary metastases of EMC. Parachordoma is an indolent soft tissue Valproic acid tumor predominantly in the extremities and trunk, occasionally in the chest wall. The diagnosis is excluded because there were no typical histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of parachordoma such as plasma cell-like appearance of the tumor cells with chondrometaplasia myoepithelium, and expression of cytokeratin, and EMA. Chordoma appears as lobulated tumors, with cord pattern tumor cells scattering within abundant myxoid stroma. The diagnosis is ruled out by a lack of physaliferous cells, and noFigure 5 Photomicrographs shows the strong expression of Vimentin in tumor cells.Figure 7 S-100 protein expression was weak and focal in the tumor.Zhou et al. Diagnostic Pathology 2012, 7:112 http://www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/7/1/Page 4 ofexpression of cytokeratin. Soft tissue chondroma composed of small cells with hyaline cartilage lobule which lies near the joints of extremities, and S-100 is uniquely positive. Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma arising in lung [7], chest wall, pleural and mediastinum has been reported. The lack of small undifferentiated PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989806 cells surrounding narrow vascular spaces in a haemangiopericytoid (haemangiopericytoma-like) pattern with mature cartilage island would exclude extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. As lung is the most frequent site of metastases in EMC, it is necessary to differetiate primary EMC in lung from lung metastases of EMC. However, it was not difficult to exclude lung metastases of EMC originated in the other parts of the body after comprehensive clinical evaluation and CT scan, with particular attention to the distal parts of the extremities. There was not any evidence of tumor in the body other than in the lung of the patient. Extraosseous (extramedullary) plasmacytoma (EMP) is defined as localized plasma cell neoplasms arising in tissues other than bone, and EMP in lung has been reported [8]. In our case, there are abundant plasma cells and aggregate.